• ICC legitimacy and legitimacy-building through transnational negotiation of the Rome Statute, balancing deterrence, accountability, and state sovereignty. Grounded in the Rome Statute, the Rome Conference negotiations, and preparatory sessions with contrasting US perspectives [10], [7], [8], [12], [1].

• Definitions and jurisdiction: shaping what counts as ICC crimes (crimes against humanity, war crimes) and how the Court may reach states, with definitional debates, jurisdictional regimes, universal jurisdiction concerns, and ICTY jurisprudence informing the limits [14], [18], [19], [15], [11], [2].

• Impact of international justice on post-conflict outcomes: empirical and normative scrutiny of whether prosecutions deter atrocity and promote peace, including ICTY/ICTR experiences and political dynamics of war crimes tribunals [4], [13], [9], [20], [11].

• Normative debates on legitimacy, sovereignty, and efficacy of international justice, including concerns about amnesties, domestic political constraints, and the proper role of ICC within national systems [1], [3], [17], [16], [6].

• Precursor jurisprudence and institutional evolution: ICTY/ICTR jurisprudence, cases, and preparatory processes informing ICC expectations, highlighting progress, challenges, and the relationship between international tribunals and domestic law [15], [20], [11], [9], [17].